Monkeypox: A Viral Zoonotic Disease Spreading Beyond Africa

Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, primarily found in Central and West Africa but has recently spread to other regions. It can be transmitted through contact with infected animals or from person to person via respiratory droplets and direct contact with bodily fluids or lesions.

Transmission:

• Animal-to-Human: Spread through direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin lesions of infected animals (e.g., rodents, primates).
• Human-to-Human: Transmitted via respiratory droplets during prolonged contact, direct contact with bodily fluids or lesion material, and contaminated objects.

Symptoms:

• Incubation: Typically 6 to 13 days.
• Initial Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, exhaustion.
• Rash: Appears 1-3 days after fever, starting on the face and spreading to the body, progressing through stages from macules to scabs.

Severity and Complications:
Usually mild but can be severe in young children, pregnant women, or immunocompromised individuals. Complications include secondary infections, respiratory issues, sepsis, encephalitis, and potential vision loss.

Diagnosis:

• Clinical: Based on the distinctive rash and exposure history.
• Laboratory: Confirmed via PCR testing of lesions.

Treatment:
No specific treatment; supportive care is key. In some cases, antivirals like Tecovirimat may be used.

Prevention:

• Vaccination: The smallpox vaccine offers some protection. A specific monkeypox vaccine (Jynneos) is available for high-risk adults.
• Public Health: Involves isolating infected individuals, using PPE, and disinfecting contaminated environments.

Recent Outbreaks:
Monkeypox gained global attention during outbreaks in Europe and North America in 2022, highlighting the need for robust public health measures.